From the journals: JLR

A new site-specific cholesterol control option and a better way to assess vitamin D status in critical care. Read about papers on these topics recently published in the Journal of Lipid Research.
 

A new site-specific cholesterol control option

Cholesterol is an essential component of mammalian cell membranes. Its unesterified, or free, form, localized within plasma, controls mechanical properties of the lipid bilayer such as rigidity and permeability. Cholesterol also directly interacts with a wide variety of cellular proteins at the plasma membrane, thus regulating cell signaling.

Wonhwa Cho et al./JLR

This image shows the distribution of fluorescently labelled Streptomyces sp. bacterial
cholesterol oxidase in HeLa cells.

Researchers manipulate cellular cholesterol levels either through chemical extraction and enrichment of cholesterol by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin, or MβCD, and MβCD-cholesterol adducts, respectively; or by inhibition of new cellular cholesterol biosynthesis by statins. These methods are convenient but lack site-specific control of cholesterol levels within cells. Moreover, they can cause nonspecific cholesterol depletion that exerts harmful effects on cells including cell death and nonspecific alteration of cell physiology.

Ha Pham and a team of researchers from the University of Illinois Chicago and the University of Western Australia, Perth, have developed a new system that allows inducible, site-specific cholesterol depletion. They created a genetically encoded bacterial cholesterol oxidase whose membrane binding activity is altered in a way that allows spatiotemporally specific control of its membrane targeting by chemically induced dimerization with a partner protein located in a specific membrane site. The team documented the system and their findings in a recent research paper published in the Journal of Lipid Research.

In combination with quantitative imaging of cholesterol and signaling activity assays, this novel system will allow for unambiguous determination of site-specific functions of cholesterol in diverse cell membranes, including the plasma membrane and the lysosomal membrane.

Assessing vitamin D status in critical care

Vitamin D helps regulate calcium and phosphorus levels, plays a role in maintaining proper bone structure and regulates immune function. Vitamin D deficiency results in bone diseases, such as rickets, as well as cancer and cardiovascular and diseases, and is associated with increased risk for respiratory infections, including COVID-19.

When absorbed by the body, vitamin D is metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin D, or 25OH-D, which often is used as a biomarker to measure vitamin D levels in the body. Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry, or LC-MS/MS, is the gold standard for quantitative 25OH-D determination, and this technique has several advantages over previously used immunoassays, including greater selectivity, lower detection limits and improved precision.

Researchers at McMaster University and the Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute have developed a high-throughput method for assessing vitamin D status from blood specimens based on direct infusion–MS/MS, or DI-MS/MS, following click derivatization using 2-nitrosopyridine, which is optimized for quicker analysis than LC-MS/MS and greater accuracy than a commercial immunoassay.

In a comparative test study, Erick Helmeczi and a team found that 25OH-D concentrations from reference blood samples measured by DI-MS/MS were less biased than the commercial immunoassay when compared to LC-MS/MS. They found that, compared to DI-MS/MS, the commercial immunoassay, often used for screening in clinical trials, underestimates the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in critically ill children who might benefit from high-dose vitamin D supplements.

These findings, published in a paper in the Journal of Lipid Research, show that DI-MS/MS can be used to assess vitamin D status rapidly and reliably in clinical trials and large-scale studies. The researchers will focus future efforts on adapting this method for the purpose of reporting clinical values.